The Rule of Law of Rule - Part the First: Freedom's Just Another Word for Nothin' Left To Lose

In response to the post I put up on Friday about how cops in New York City are busting subway riders for such heavy duty crimes as standing too close to the doors, Rick Horowitz added a comment.

What you describe is how the "law" has become so twisted that "law" enforcement now has complete freedom to decide who to arrest, and under what conditions.


. . .


The country that has taken the place of the United States of America is a completely lawless country. It does not matter that "sometimes" the result comports with what used to be the law. That's just an accident. It gives support to the old saying, "Even a blind squirrel finds a nut once in awhile."


The nation has not fallen into anarchy. That may or may not be a good thing.


But the rule of law is truly dead. 

If you read Rick's blog (and if you don't, and you're interested in this sort of thing, you should), you know that he's been pushing that point, with more and more conviction and absolutism, for some time.  And if you've been reading my blog, you know that one of my fairly consistent themes is that there's a tension between the Rule of Law and what I've taken to calling the Law of Rule, and that when they actively come into conflict in American society, it's regularly the Law of Rule that comes out on top.

My response to Rick began this way.

The Law of Rule v. the Rule of Law is, as you likely know Rick, a theme of this blog. While I'm not quite as sure as you've become that the Rule of Law is wholly dead, I'm also inclined to doubt that it ever really lived except in myth.

Then I gave a few examples of that sort of myth and said that I should maybe do a whole post on the subject.  In fact, and although I didn't say it, there's more than a single post to go.  It's time that get going on a series more formally examining the Rule of Law/Law of Rule tension.

So with thanks to Rick for the push, let's begin with examining what we mean when we talk about the Rule of Law and just what I meant when I said it was little more than myth. 

I suppose Wikipedia, for all its limitations, isn't a bad place to start.  It's entry on Rule of Law (at least in its current form - who knows what it will say tomorrow) begins this way.  (I'm deleting the links and the footnotes.)

Rule of law is a legal maxim that suggests that governmental decisions be made by applying known principles. The phrase can be traced back to 17th century and was popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern". Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law. It stands in contrast to the idea that the ruler is above the law, for example by divine right.

I don't think Rule of Law is a maxim, legal or otherwise.  A maxim is a principle or an aphorism or something (Davy Crockett's "Be always sure you are right, then go ahead" leaps to mind as I just finished reading a biography of him).  Rule of Law is, rather, a concept.  And I haven't done the historical research (or even checked the footnotes I deleted) to see whether the phrase really dates to the 17th Century or whether A.V. Dicey (of whom I've never heard) really popularized it.  But Wikipedia seems to have part of the general idea.  Everyone is subject to the law.  No special rights.

In that sense, Rule of Law is embodied in the maxim (this is one),

Ours is a nation of laws, not of men. 

The United Nations describes it this way at the Rule of Law page on its website.

The principle that everyone – from the individual right up to the State itself – is accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated.

Aristotle made a different but related point in his Politics.

Therefore, he who bids the law rule may be deemed to bid God and Reason alone rule, but he who bids man rule adds an element of the beast; for desire is a wild beast, and passion perverts the minds of rulers, even when they are the best of men.

There are universal principles, Aristotle was arguing.  Recognize on them, and you've found the Rule of Law.  Make up the rules as you go along ("bid[] man rule"), and you've lost that.

But acknowledging that there are universals isn't enough.  The Rule of Law necessarily involves adherence to those principles.  That's the Rule part.  Law (capitalized) has force.

Combine these things and I think we've got a working definition.

The Rule of Law is adherence to a set of universal rules or principles governing, um, er . . .

Governing what?  and who?

And where the hell do those rules come from?

And what are they?

And how big a universe are we talking about?

A formalistic answer to all those questions is just to declare that the rules are whatever they are (set by man, not by "God and Reason" to go back to Aristotle).

The alternative is that they're something else, if not altogether Universal (God and Reason, Natural Law [whatever the hell that is]), then at least culturally so.  Hammurabi's Code, the 10 Commandments (if you don't think they're divinely ordained).  If culture seems too iffy (What Would the Athenians Do? What Would the Hittites Do? What Would the Amish Do? What Would the Soprano's Do?), God and Reason aren't a whole lot clearer.  Which God? Whose reason?

The Old Testament mandates death as punishment for cursing a parent (see Exodus 21:17; Leviticus 20:9).  Draw a cartoon of Muhammed and there are those who say God insists on your death.  And don't get the the Phelps family and the Wesboro Baptist Church started on gays.

A 2004 Report of the Secretary-General of the UN, "The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies," from which the passage I quoted above is paraphrased, says this.

The "rule of law" is a concept at the very heart of the Organization's mission. It refers to a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency.

Not bad, but of course there's a whole ton of disagreement about just what those "international human rights norms and standards" happen to be.  Or should be.

OK, maybe we should eschew true internationalism for something a bit closer to home.  Say, the Anglo-American tradition.

I know: Magna Carta.  The Great Charter.  The document that the peerage (i.e., the nobles) gathered at Runnymeade in 1215 to make King John sign so that he'd be less oppressive to them (not to their serfs, of course, not to the commoners).  From that document, it's said, flows our freedom.  Apparently New Hampshire state Representatives, Kingsbury, Twombly, and Vita think that's a good model, since they introduced in their legislature House Bill 1580.  Here it is, in its entirety.

STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

In the Year of Our Lord Two Thousand Twelve

AN ACT requiring a reference to the Magna Carta on certain legislation.

Be it Enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court convened:

1 New Section; Magna Carta References. Amend RSA 14 by inserting after section 39-a the following new section:

14:39-b Magna Carta Reference. All members of the general court proposing bills and resolutions addressing individual rights or liberties shall include a direct quote from the Magna Carta which sets forth the article from which the individual right or liberty is derived.

2 Effective Date. This act shall take effect November 1, 2012.So, Magna Carta as universal law? Even in just the Anglo-American universe?

So, Magna Carta as universal law?  Even in just the Anglo-American universe?

A friend of mine, a Brit, responded this way when I told her about HB 1580.

A dirty little secret that we Brits rarely disclose to you Americans is that nobody, but NOBODY, in the English legal system normally refers to the Magna Carta for anything, unless they are totally nutty pro se litigant.  Citing it is a great way to get a round of barely disguised snickering behind one's back.  You see, we've moved on from the Middle Ages.  The citizens of New Hampshire, however, are going to have to figure out whether to cite provisions such as:

"(48) All evil customs relating to forests and warrens,foresters, warreners, sheriffs and their servants, or river-banks and their wardens, are at once to be investigated in every county by twelve sworn knights of the county, and within forty days of their enquiry the evil customs are to be abolished completely and irrevocably. But we, or our chief justice if we are not in England, are first to be informed."

Actually, I left out the first paragraph of what Hilary wrote.

This is a hoot.  They clearly haven't read the document in question - or maybe they have, which would be really worrying.

In fact, they apparently hadn't read it.  At least Rep. Vita hadn't.  From the Concord Monitor.

Vita admitted he needs to "bone up" on the content of the charter, but said "it's a document that still functions." He views the bill as similar to efforts in Congress requiring all legislation to cite constitutional authority.
"This is a little bit older than the Constitution, but the same thought is there," he said.

Sure.   Not universal law, not the Rule of Law, not even politics.  HB 1580 is really just political theater.

But what about the Constitution?  We certainly owe fealty to that. Just ask the Democrats or the Republicans or the Tea Party or the ACLU or the anti-ACLU folks.

I mean, everybody likes the Constitution. Especially the Bill of Rights.  Right? 

And we've always honored them, right?

Let's see.  1791: Bill of Rights enacted.  That includes the ol' First Amendment.  You know, the one about how 

Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.

1798: Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts making it a crime to criticize the government.

Ooops.  Guess the framers (or at least the Federalist framers) thought freedom of speech only covered speech in favor of the government.

I can hear the chants now.

Let's Go Status Quo!

Bill of Rights has got to go!

I'm not really being fair.  The universality of a rule doesn't depend on its always being honored.

But the existence of the Rule of Law?  That does depend on at least some degree of adherence, not merely lip service.

And that's where things fall apart.

We have this idea that ours is a nation of laws not of men.  Over the front entrance to the Supreme Court Building, cut into the facade, it says

EQUAL JUSTICE UNDER LAW

But that's the entrance you can't use.  The one they turned into an exit only.  Don't let equal justice hit you on the ass on your way out.

Because the reality is that we've never really done more than pay lip service to the Rule of Law.

The Rule of Law is like one of the Platonic ideals, floating in the empyrean.  We like it conceptually.  But only conceptually.

Beyond that, it's pick and choose.

Cafeteria Constitutionalism.

Jefferson believed in the Constitution and a small national government of limited scope.  Then he arranged the Louisiana Purchase, more than doubling the physical size of the country.  And he  thought that it was probably unconstitutional.

It was 1824 when Justice Story explained in United States v. Perez that the Double Jeopardy Clause didn't mean that a person couldn't be tried twice for the same crime and that a jury's failure to agree on whether a person was guilty of a crime didn't mean that the government had failed to prove the person guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

It 1925 when the Court decided Carroll v. United States holding that the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment doesn't apply when it's an automobile to be searched.

As I said, Congress enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts a mere seven years after the First Amendment was adopted.  The Sedition Act of 1918 made it a crime to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the government or the flag or the war effort.

And of course there was the Japanese interment.

I could go on.

It's not that every move was offensive to the Constitution.  And it's not that they were all without significant opposition.  Certainly, it's not that the courts never stepped in and called a halt.

But the courts didn't always call a halt.  And the opposition too often failed.  And too often the Constitution gave way.

And as Rick said, it doesn't change things that the rule of law (all lowercase) is sometimes obeyed or affirmed.  We don't operate under the Rule of Law (uppercase is back) unless it's the norm.

As it is now.  As it was then.

The Rule of Law applies most clearly when we don't need it.

The First Amendment really does protect the right to advocate for the status quo, and the FBI won't likely be investigating the Democratic or Republic Party - or the Presbyterians or the Baptists - in its search for terrorists or drug abusers.  But don't count on the same level of respect for the Greens or the Libertarians or the Hari Krishnas or the folks at the mosque down the street.

And Lincoln freed the slaves in the states that were in rebellion - those over which he (and we) had no control.  And it was, of course, a quintessential act of taking private property without compensation or even due process.  Pretty clearly an unconstitutional usurpation of power - albeit an act that was morally right.

Rick thinks fondly of those days when our leaders valued freedom.  But it was for them, not for us.  In contemporary parlance, they were the 1 %.  And they valued their freedom.  But not so much that of the 99%.  And especially not that of the folks who were each worth just 2/3 of a person.

I told Rick, in my comment,

The Golden Age, Eden, Camelot's "one brief shining moment," the framer's commitment to personal liberty (for white male property owners), it's all of a piece with the Rule of Law.

Maybe the Law of Rule is winning more often now than in years past.  Frankly, I'm not sure how you'd measure it.  What we know is that it was bad then and it's bad now.

And that you can't lose what you never really had.

But we're all conditioned to a nostalgia for what never was, but what with hindsight we can believe.

And dream.

The Good Old Days?

A bit over a week ago, John Kindley self-proclaimed anarchist who believes that "anarchy is order" (and though I've read his explanation and others to which he links, I remain perplexed about how the terms can be synonymous) indulged in a bit of foolishness.

I mean, so what if the homicide rate in the Old West was seven times what it is today? That doesn’t answer the question of whether life in the Wild West wasn’t better and grander than it is today, or whether life today wouldn’t be better and grander if the State suddenly collapsed . . . even if the homicide rate reverted to Wild West levels.

In a comment, Kindley acknowledged that he was being both "cavalier and simple-minded" which is something.  But he was also, at some level, channelling part of the myth of The West where men were men and men did what men had to do.

From James Fenimore Cooper and the Leatherstocking Tales to Owen Wister's The Virginian to Louis L'Amour's Sacketts, from Tom Mix to John Wayne to Clint Eastwood  (not so much Jeff Bridges, but him too), and from Johnny Appleseed, Daniel Boone, and Davy Crockett to Ronald Reagan with stops for Crazy Horse and Chief Joseph, Geronimo and Techumseh, The West and our images of it (thank you Frederick Remington and John Ford) have mixed the good with the bad (and the ugly, too, but I don't want to go there now).

The grass was greener, the corn taller, the mountains higher.  The violence was a necessary corollary of the freedom given by the great open spaces and the fact that the only law was the Peacemaker.  And of course, there was opportunity.  Fortunes to be made.  And glorious risks to run.

Ah, the Good Old Days.

Which is, of course, bullshit.  But it's part of our national myth.

Just as King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table is part of Britain's.

Do I hear mention of Pericles?
In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
A stately pleasure-dome decree:
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns measureless to man
Down to a sunless sea.
 
So twice five miles of fertile ground
With walls and towers were girdled round:
And here were gardens bright with sinuous rills
Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;
And here were forests ancient as the hills,
Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.

And of course, in the beginning there was Eden. 

Or maybe the founding fathers.

And, like Kindley's cavalier and simple-minded musing about The Old West, it's all bullshit.  Don't misunderstand me, please.  I'm not saying this is the Golden Age.  It's not.

In many ways, and for most people in the world (and for tens, if not hundreds of millions here in the US of A), life pretty much sucks.  As it did. Although sometimes in new and different ways.

Yet the myth has staying power.

Rick Horowitz, one of the most thoughtful and articulate of the criminal defense bloggers, regularly refers to the days when Fourth Amendment rights were honored and enforced because the framers insisted.  Just yesterday, he wrote

that Tennessee has decided to go after one of the two remaining Amendments in the Bill of Rights that the United States Supreme Court has not yet seen fit to officially obliterate.

He was talking about the First Amendment.  You know, the one that protects freedom of speech.  And while it's true that a majority of the Court (not a unanimous Court, but a majority) has issued several important speech friendly decisions recently, it's also true that they've issued speech hostile decisions.  The Court never declared the Smith Act (which makes it a crime to advocate the overthrow of the government) unconstitutional.  And let's not forget that the speech-friendly framers, the ones who adopted the Bill of Rights in 1791, enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798.

No Golden Age there.

Norm Pattis finds a disconnect between the prosecution of British soldiers for the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the enormity inflicted by the Court on John Thompson.The framers wouldn't have stood for it, he says.  Look what they did, he says.  They actually hauled those soldiers into court to hold them accountable, he says.

Yeah, but John Adams got them off.  That's the story of the trial and it's a true moment of Founding Father Glory.  A future president stood up against the mob and defended in an American court in Boston British soldiers who killed Americans in Boston.  And did it well.

But it's hardly an example of American courts holding American officials responsible for anything.  Frankly, it's closer to the California prosecution (to not guilty verdicts) of the cops who beat the shit out of Rodney King.

You want to know where we came from?  Try this.

On October 29, 1698 Cotton Mather wrote in his diary about a woman condemned for killing her child.

Moreover, a miserable young Woman, being this day condemned to dy, for murdering her base-born child, I pray'd unto the Lord, that her Condition might bee so ordered in His providence, as to give mee a special Opportunity of glorifying my Lord Jesus Christ, on that Occasion.

But damn, she was to be hanged during a week when Mather wasn't going to be giving the sermons.  And then a miracle.  Mather wrote about it on November 13.

The Execution of the miserable Malefactor, was ordered for to have been the last Week, upon the Lecture of another.  I wondred then what would become of my Particular Faith, of her condition being so orered in the Providence of God, that it should furnish mee, with a special Opportunity to glorify Him. While I was entirely resigning to the wisdome of Heaven, all such Matters, the Judges wholly without my seeking, altered and allow'd her Execution to fall on the Day of my Lecture.  The General Court then sitting, ordered the Lecture to bee held in a larger and a stronger House, than that old one, where tis usually kept.  For my own part, I was weak, and faint, and spent; but I humbly gave myself up to the Spirit of my Heavenly Lord and Hee assured mee, that Hee would send His good Angel to strengthen mee.  The greatest Assembly, ever in this Countrey preach'd unto, was now come together; It may bee four or five thousand Souls.  I could not gett unto the Pulpit, but by climing over Pues and Heads: and there the Spirit of my dearest Lord came upon mee.  I preached with a more than ordinary Assistence, and enlarged, and uttered the most awakening Things, for near two Hours together.  My Strength and Voice failed not; but when it was near failing, a silent Look to Heaven strangely renew'd it.  In the whole I found Prayer answered, and Hope exceeded and Faith encouraged, and the Lord using mee, the vilest in all that great Assembly, to glorify Him.

So at least a Golden Day for Mather.  Though we might ask more of an age than a chance to preach a sermon on the day of an execution - especially one glorying in the killing.

Maybe I'm just too damned cynical. But I don't see that golden past.  That "demi-paradise" as Coleridge described Xanadu.

From Eden to Charles Foster Kane's Xanadu, from the Round Table to Wounded Knee, from Troy to Attila the Hun, and yes, from the Declaration to the Constitution, paradise carries its own destruction with it.

There is no golden age.  It was never better except for the odd blip, like a cool summer breeze or a January thaw.  The promise is never honored more than fleetingly.

Good came of the French Revolution.  So did the Terror.

It was bullshit then.  It's bullshit now.

Nostalgia, as they say, isn't what it used to be.